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    • Therefore the current study aimed

    2018-10-25

    Therefore, the current study aimed to assess the risk of human exposure to T. verrucosum pathogens in backyard farming, where mixed mdm2 p53 of ruminants are reared, as a novel approach to control zoonotic diseases.
    Materials and methods
    Results The T. verrucosum vaccine was not used for the examined animals and humans. T. verrucosum was the only dermatophyte isolated from the ruminants and humans in this study. A total of 478 cattle, 215 sheep, and 186 goats were investigated for the presence of T. verrucosum isolates. Combining the results of KOH examinations and fungal cultures, 44 (9.2%), 12 (5.6%), and seven (3.8%) of the examined cattle, sheep, and goats were positive, respectively. Two cattle samples and one sheep sample were KOH positive but negative for the culture, while one cattle sample was positive for the culture and KOH negative. The highest occurrence rate of T. verrucosum in cattle was recorded in cattle that grew up with sheep and goats (14.5%), whereas the lowest rate was recorded in cattle reared separately (6.6%). The cattle that were raised with affected sheep or goats also showed positive mycological results (Table 1). A comparison of the biodiverse groups of ruminants revealed a significant difference at p = 0.04 in the occurrence rates of T. verrucosum between cattle raised with sheep and goats and those raised separately (Table 2). Regarding the age of the positive cattle, the highest occurrence rate was observed in those younger than 12 months (calves) in all biodiverse groups. There was a borderline significant difference at p = 0.05 between the positivity of T. verrucosum in calves <12 months old and that in cattle >18 months old that grew up with sheep. Furthermore, a clear significant difference at p = 0.04 was recorded between the same age groups when cattle were raised with sheep and goats together (Table 3). In humans, 18 out of 250 (7.2%) samples tested positive for T. verrucosum; one case was KOH positive and culture negative. Humans in contact with a combination of backyard ruminants such as cattle, sheep, and goats had a higher occurrence rate of T. verrucosum with a borderline significant difference at p = 0.05, compared with humans in contact with cattle that were reared separately (Table 4). The positive humans were aged between 23 years and 57 years, and the positivity rate was 8% (13/163) in males and 5.7% (5/87) in females. In cattle, T. verrucosum was isolated from 9.9% (28/283) of males and 8.2% (16/195) of females. In addition, in sheep, the rate was 6.1% (8/132) in males and 4.8% (4/83) in females, whereas in goats, it was 4.1% (4/97) in females and 3.4% (3/89) in males. No significant difference was observed between the positivity rates of males and females of each species of the ruminants as well as humans.
    Discussion The current novel study was established to assess the zoonotic risk of humans\' exposure to T. verrucosum during the rearing of mixed species of ruminants in backyard farming. Most of the ruminants had annular skin lesions that were ignored by their owners or went unnoticed. T. verrucosum is considered a serious pathogen due to its ability to survive on the skin or hair of cattle and the wooden parts of hedges for 15–54 months. During active infection, the behavior of the infected animals was changed; animals rubbed their legional areas against posts, gates, feed bunks, walls, and other neighboring animals. The fungal spores deposited on these objects or animals may remain infective for a long time. Consequently, the risk of occurrence increases not only among existing mixed-species animals, but also in animals new to the region and in exposed humans. In Egypt, it is common that small backyards hold different livestock species that are raised together to optimize the use of resources and maximize economic benefits. These mixed backyards usually contain cattle, sheep, and a smaller number of goats. Rearing sheep and goats with cattle may also be considered a risk factor for the spreading of other diseases such as brucellosis.