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  • Exposure to ultraviolet radiation with sunlight is generally

    2019-11-04

    Exposure to ultraviolet radiation with sunlight is generally accepted as the major cause of basal-cell carcinoma (Gallagher et al., 1995). The risk of this disease is significantly increased by age. Skin cancers are the most common tumours of the head and neck region and their prevalence shows progressive increase all over the world (Rogers et al., 2015). Because of high incidence of this tumours with the rate between (Rubin et al., 2005)7% of Caucasian people, a lot of head and neck surgeons performs surgical excision of this tumours in their routine practice (Wong et al., 2003). Advanced histopathologic and surgical methods like Mohs microscopic surgery or 3D histology are the gold standard for best oncologic and clinic results but there are few clinics that have proper facilities to perform these techniques. So, surgical excision under local anaesthesia and conventional pathology is still most common surgical procedure among head and neck surgeons. In conventional surgical excision, the lesions have to be excised with macroscopic safe margins apart from tumour in order to prevent recidivism. Size of the safe marginal area is based on the size and subtype of the tumour. Macroscopic examination becomes harder when tumour has subclinical extension or indistinct margins. On the other side, enlarging the defect size to prevent residual positive margins with macroscopic examination also can cause cosmetic deformities with over surgical treatment. In conventional surgical excision clinic and surgical approach to the tumours with aggressive subtype and indistinct margins creates challenges to the surgeons. For patients with BCC who underwent surgical excision and had positive surgical margin(s), either reoperation or close follow-up can be options (Kumar et al., 2000; Kumar et al., 2002). This decision depends on the factors like histopathologic pattern, tumour size and location that increases recurrence rates, but also genetic properties of the tumours can correlate with recurrence rates. Basal-cell carcinoma is associated with mutations in components of the hedgehog signalling pathway (Epstein, 2008). Roles of other mutations in some tumour suppressor stearoyl-coa desaturase and pathways like p53 and RAS or RAF signalling pathway has been shown on pathogenesis of BCC (Ziegler et al., 1993; Saldanha et al., 2004; Reifenberger et al., 2005). Mutations in the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) have been detected in many cancer types like and EGFR aberrant expression is involved in signalling pathways responsible for cell proliferation, survival, invasion, angiogenesis, and metastasis in many types of cancers, including head and neck squamous cell cancers (Nicholson et al., 2001; Wan et al., 2001; Hilbe et al., 2003). In our study, we aimed to investigate the role of genetic expression changes of EGFR on recurrence rates in patients in follow up with surgically excised BCC with positive surgical margin(s).
    Material and methods Real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used for gene expression analyses. RNA isolation was performed from the both healthy and tumoral tissue samples from the paraffin blocks of patients that has been being preserved in Ege University Pathology Department. Samples were deparaffinised before starting total RNA isolation. To determine gene expression, total RNA isolation was conducted to extract RNA from the tumour cells using a High Pure FFPET RNA Isolation Kit (Roche) according to the manufacturer\'s protocol. The concentration of the isolated RNA samples was measured using the NanoDrop 1000 (Thermo Scientific) instrument and software. Complementary DNA (cDNA) syntheses were performed on the total RNAs obtained from tumour samples to an amount of (Rubin et al., 2005)5 μg/ml using a Transcriptor First Strand cDNA Synthesis Kit (Roche Diagnostics). The expression analyses of EGFR gene used in our study were conducted on real time online qRT-PCR 2.0 by using LightCycler 480 Instrument II (Roche). The expression values of these genes were proportioned to housekeeping gene (B-ACTIN) to calculate the relative expression ratios. Data analyses were achieved by ΔΔCT method (LightCycler 480 Quantification Software). PCR primers and probes were obtained from TibMolBiol (Berlin, Germany) and Roche (Basel, Switzerland). Primer sequences are as follows: EGFR forward; 5′-CAG CCA CCC ATA TGT ACC ATC-3′, EGFR reverse; 5′- AAC TTT GGG CGA CTA TCT GC-3′, β-actin forward: 5′-CAT GTA CGT TGC TAT CCA GGC-3′, β-actin reverse: 5′- CTC CTT AAT GTC ACG CAC GAT-3′.