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  • AMG-517 Supplier br Materials and methods br Results and

    2018-10-22


    Materials and methods
    Results and discussion
    Conclusion In summary, some members of the fecal bacteria utilized garlic fructans to grow resulting in a decrease in the pH of the cultures in vitro. Bifidobacteria were stimulated while Clostridia were inhibited by the garlic fructans. Essential oil from garlic has been proven to be an effective antimicrobial substance which may help to improve the gastrointestinal environment by inhibiting pathogens. In this study, it is found that garlic fructans may also improve the microbial environment of the gastrointestinal tract by stimulating beneficial bacteria to grow selectively. The present study is hampered by a few limitations. Compared with some in vivo animal experiments, the AMG-517 Supplier of fecal microbiota in this system obviously decreased due to the in vitro environment. However, animal intestinal microflora is not identical to that of human beings.
    Acknowledgement We are grateful to the National Natural Science Foundation of China for financial support (No. 31171722).
    Introduction Genistein [4′,5,7-trihydroxyisoflavone (Supplement 1)], the most abundant aglycone form of isoflavone in soybean, is associated with a variety of beneficial health effects. The approved beneficial functions included reducing risk of cardiovascular disease, lowering rates of prostate, breast, and colon cancers [1], and improving bone composition [2,3]. But the application of genistein has been limited by its poor water solubility and bioavailability. Even worse once absorbed in human body, genistein undergoes rapid degradation and excretion within 24h [4,5]. Genistein is classified in class ІІ (poor soluble/permeable) in the Biopharmaceutical Classification System (BCS) [6]. Especially for this class of substance, solubility enhancement is crucial part of the strategies to improve bioavailability. Many studies have been focused on complexation of genistein with cyclodextrins (CDs) to improve water solubility of genistein. Daruházi et al. [7] reported that genistein formed a supramolecule with both β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) and γ-cyclodextrin (γ-CD), while it did not form a stable complex with α-cyclodextrin (α-CD). The genistein/γ-CD provided a peak genistein concentration of 27μg/mL, and the genistein/β-CD was 13μg/mL, in contrast to the plain genistein alone 3μg/mL. Matrix retention is a promising method to solubilize various less-soluble compounds. In this technique, the less-soluble compounds are mixed with a water-soluble carrier through various measures. The commonly used carriers are long-chain polymers, such as carrageenan, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and polyethylene glycol (PEG) [8]. It has been proved that addition of a small amount (0.10%–0.25%, m/V), of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) or PVP resulted in significant enhancement of the aqueous solubility of drug, because 30%–50% of drug molecules were bound to the polymers [9]. Dong and Song [10] made a complex of κ-carrageenan with an insoluble drug, which significantly increased the compound\'s water solubility from 1–2μg/mL to 30μg/mL. Nanosizing the complex, solubility of the less-soluble drug increased to 37μg/mL. Tightly related to the present work, hydrocolloids are mostly used to hold water and provide texture for food. They also have the ability to bind guest molecules and by this influence the characteristics of guest molecules. In a broad sense, the term binding includes adsorption and physical entrapment in colloid matrices, as well as inclusion complexation [11]. Genistein also could be absorbed by hydrocolloids. Pandjaitan et al. [12] reported genistein was enriched in soy protein with the addition of hydrocolloids. But no study has applied κ-carrageenan to improve water solubility of genistein. The goal of this study was to present a novel approach to prepare κ-carrageenan/genistein matrix with an aim to improve water solubility of genistein. Operational parameters were optimized. Additionally, the XRD, DSC and FT-IR were employed to investigate the characteristics of matrix. We hope this study will be helpful to further exploit for utilization of κ-carrageenan hydrogel to improve solubility of poorly water-soluble compounds.