br Materials and methods br Results and discussion br Conclu

Materials and methods
Results and discussion
Conclusion A new label-free targeted methodology using two-step fractionation coupled with conventional microflow LC-MS/MS was developed and validated to profile 54 selected clinically relevant human plasma glycoproteins. The developed method has high throughput potential in terms of sample preparation since it avoids costly and time consuming stages such as immunodepletion enrichment, and complex deglycosylation, as used with many existing glycoprotein studies [10,35,44]. Also, the sample preparation protocol avoids the depletion of moderately abundant glycoproteins (e.g. protease inhibitors and coagulation factors) that might be relevant disease biomarkers [34,45]. Although the method, in its current format, has limited ability to measure and identify proteins of low abundance (low ng/mL concentration), some of which may have a diagnostic potential, many of the proteins in our list have significant relationships to crucial disease and very few of them have been simultaneously investigated in the same sample set, making our assay a useful starting point for investigating these proteins in different disease states.
Declarations of interest
Acknowledgment This work was funded by The University of Jordan as part of Lina A. Dahabiyeh's PhD programme at the University of Nottingham.
Introduction Oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) belongs to the family Arecaceae and is a persistent monoecious crop that has separate male and female inflorescence on the same tree (Corley and Tinker, 2003). Oil palm is one of the most important oil-bearing crops that produces a higher yield of vegetable oil per hectare than soybean, and it is the largest source of edible vegetable oil in the world (Ndon, 2006). Most oil palm cultivars are a Dura × Pisifera hybrid with high oil yield hybrid vigor performance called the Tenera hybrid. Current development using conventional breeding and selection normally takes 10–15 yr to complete the MJ33 lithium salt (Taeprayoon et al., 2015). A single growing apex and vegetative parts of oil palm cannot be used for multiple asexual reproduction and hence F1 Tenera hybrid seeds are generally employed as a seed stock for the propagation of high yield traits (Barcelos et al., 2002). To increase the efficacy and rapid multiplication of the true type of elite oil palm, several studies have focused on the propagation process, nutrition, plant growth regulators and culture conditions to induce oil palm plantlet formation (Teixeira et al., 1995; Kanchanapoom et al., 2010; Romyanon et al., 2015; Corrêa et al., 2016). Thuzar et al. (2011) reported success in oil palm plantlet propagation through an indirect somatic embryogenesis process. Culture medium fortified with nutrients and plant growth regulator was also utilized in the propagation. This process takes at least 9–12 month to obtain a complete, new plant (Thuzar et al., 2011, 2012). Somatic embryogenesis has become the key method for the multiplication of oil palm elite genotypes. However, the functional mechanism to control somatic embryogenesis is poorly understood. Plant somatic embryogenesis (SE) is a biological process that occurs naturally at the edges of leaves of several Kalanchoë species. Plant SE also appear as small bipolar structures that undergo dedifferentiation or redifferentiation to enter a new biological program that gives rise to somatic embryos (Loyola-Vargas and Ochoa-Alejo, 2016). The indirect somatic embryogenesis process consists of three differential steps. Step one is the transition of explant to embryogenic callus. Step two is the development of somatic embryo maturation including the globular, torpedo and cotyledonary stages. The last step is the maturation of the somatic embryo into a plantlet (Von Arnold et al., 2002). Several studies of the genes involved in somatic embryogenesis were reported in LEAFY COTYLEDON (LEC) (Braybrook and Harada, 2008; Ledwon and Gaj, 2011), BABY BOOM (BBM) (Boutilier et al., 2002), WUSHEL (WUS) genes (Arroyo-Herrera et al., 2008), SOMATIC EMBRYOGENESIS RECEPTOR KINASE1 (SERK1) (Hecht et al., 2001) and the arabinogalactan protein (AGP) gene (Karami et al., 2009), which proposed the introduction of embryo formation in somatic cells.