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  • Statins are recognized by their

    2022-01-18

    Statins are recognized by their nephroprotective effect (Chmielewski et al., 2002). The hepato- and nephroprotective effects of silymarin are also well studied (Alqasoumi, 2014, Mohamed et al., 2018). Several studies documented increasing BIIB021 of FXR by statins (Byun et al., 2014& (Lu et al., 2004 & Shimizu et al., 2014) and by silymarin (Gu et al., 2016).
    Material and methods
    Results
    Discussion Patients with liver cirrhosis usually suffer from renal function deterioration which indicates a link between these two organs (Forrest et al., 1996). It has been also reported that nonalcoholic fatty liver plays a role in the development of chronic kidney disease (Galkina and ley, 2006) (Natarajan et al., 2006). Although of suggestions that mediators such as nitric oxide play a role in the development of renal failure in this situation, other mechanisms underlying this process are not well understood yet. On the other side, renal dysfunction in patients with liver cirrhosis is characterized by increased sodium and water retention leading to ascites, renal vasoconstriction with decreased glomerular filtration rate which can lead to worsening of the clinical picture of cirrhotic patients (Pipili and Cholongitas, 2014). Therefore, we conducted this study to compare the potential therapeutic effect of silymarin as one of the well-known hepatoprotective drugs and Rvs in a rat model of liver cirrhosis. We induced liver cirrhosis by TAA being one of the experimental tools widely used to identify hepatoprotective agents. We assessed the hepatic expression of TGFβ1 being a key regulator in chronic liver disease and contributing to all stages of disease progression from initial liver injury through inflammation and fibrosis to cirrhosis (Matsuzaki, 2009). The TAA-treated group showed increasing TGFβ1 expression which was associated with deterioration of liver functions evidenced by significant elevation of ALT, AST, bilirubin and ALP levels comparative to control group. These results were in agreement with those of Reif et al. (2004) who found that TAA-induced liver cirrhosis is considered to be a typical model because it mimics many aspects of human liver diseases. Regarding our results concerning improvement of liver functions by Rvs, they were in agreement with Seif el-din et al. (2015) who demonstrated that Rvs reduced TGFβ1 in rats fed a high fat diet as an animal model of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. By comparing the hepatic effect of silymarin and Rvs, we found that both drugs improved liver functions but silymarin gave better results. In animal experiments, silymarin was proved to have protective effects on rat liver against hepatotoxicity induced by thioacetamide, acute ethanol intoxication and carbon tetrachloride. It has been also found that treatment with ethanolic extract of silymarin seed significantly declined the rats' liver enzymes in the rat model of carbon tetrachloride-induced liver damage (Wen Wu et al., 2009). In agreement with our results, shaker et al. (2010) and Zhang et al. (2013) stated that silymarin has been introduced fairly as a hepatoprotective agent and has been described to possess antioxidant, immunomodulatory, antiproliferative, antifibrotic, and antiviral activities. Moreover, the study done by Saller et al. (2007) found that silymarin inhibited the expression of many proinflammatory cytokines resulting into reduction of the ALT and AST levels. Interestingly, the in vitro study done by Morishima et al. (2010) on hepatitis C virus cell line showed that silymarin was able to inhibit T-cell proliferation and proinflammatory cytokines secretion in a dose dependent manner. Histological examination in H&E stained liver sections showed the presence of cirrhotic nodules, increased amount of collagen fibers and inflammatory cellular infiltration. Similarly, Galkina and Ley. (2006) and Natarajan et al. (2006) reported that administration of TAA resulted in liver cirrhosis and fatty changes. Ultrastructurally, hepatocytes showed abnormal organelles, accumulated glycogen granules together with cytoplasmic fat droplets and occasional intranuclear lipid droplets. This could be explained by some authors who reported that nuclear lipid droplets constitute specific subdomains of the nuclear compartment probably involved in nuclear lipid homeostasis. They suggested that nuclear lipid droplets may represent a source of rapidly available fatty acids for nuclear membranes. They added that cytoplasmic lipid droplets are formed at the membrane of endoplasmic reticulum, which is continuous with the nuclear envelope. It could be therefore suggested that nuclear lipid droplets are actually cytoplasmic droplets trapped within an invagination of the nuclear envelope (Uzbekov and Roingeard, 2013) and (Robert et al., 2016). Other authors reported that neutral lipids are involved in many cellular processes and they are stored as lipid droplets. Those are mainly cytosolic along with a small nuclear population. Nuclear lipid droplets could be involved in nuclear-lipid homeostasis and could represent an alternative source for providing fatty acids and cholesterol to membranes, signaling paths, and transcription factors in the nucleus (Lagrutta et al., 2017) and (Layerenza et al., 2013).