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  • Arsenic is generally found in the

    2022-07-02

    Arsenic is generally found in the form of iAs in arsenic plants. Arsenic is primarily metabolized in the liver through methylation processes. Human metabolism of arsenic results in the formation of the methylarsenic metabolites, MMA and DMA, which are more water soluble (Khaleghian et al., 2014; Wei et al., 2017a). Almost all ingested arsenic is excreted through the urine. DMA, MMA and iAs in urine are commonly used as a biomarker of exogenous arsenic exposure (Wen et al., 2011; Khaleghian et al., 2014; Li et al., 2015; Hsu et al., 2017; Wei et al., 2017b). Intracellular arsenic metabolism requires S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) as a methyl donor which would otherwise be used to carry out normal cellular methylation reactions including DNA methylation (Reichard and Puga, 2010). Exposure to iAs increases levels of reactive oxygen species and results in the induction of DNA damage and DNA damage leads to increased p53 protein in the cell (Bau et al., 2002; Wen et al., 2011; Muenyi et al., 2015; Qu and Waalkes, 2015; Borghini et al., 2016; Caradonna and Mauro, 2016). Accumulating evidence suggests that apoptosis plays an important role in mediating the therapeutic effects and toxicity of iAs (Khaleghian et al., 2014; Wang et al., 2015; Hua et al., 2016; Gu et al., 2017). The iAs can induce cellular apoptosis in leukemia and various forms of solid cancer ap1 leading to cell death (Khaleghian et al., 2014; Chen et al., 2015; Wang et al., 2015; Hua et al., 2016; Gu et al., 2017). Fas and Bax genes are important regulatory genes for apoptosis. The expression of these genes is regulated by the tumor suppressor p53 and has been shown to be involved in p53-mediated apoptosis. Some studies show that exposure to iAs has been associated with increased Fas and Bax genes expression in vitro, but it has also been reported that exposure to iAs does not increase the expression of Fas and Bax genes (Perkins et al., 2000; Yu et al., 2014; Chen et al., 2015; Choudhury et al., 2016; Hua et al., 2016; Wang et al., 2017). The results of studies were short of unanimous. Thus, in the present study, we want to know whether arsenic exposure may cause increased levels of Fas and Bax mRNA expression in peripheral blood lymphocytes among arsenic plant workers. Toxicological studies have indicated that the three different arsenic species exert different roles(Banerjee et al., 2014) (Wang et al., 2015). We are interested in the effects of three different arsenic species on Fas and Bax mRNA expression in the cell.
    Materials and methods
    Results
    Discussion Occupational iAs exposure has been linked to significant effects on worker health, especially in arsenic smelting plants. DMA, MMA and iAs in urine are commonly used as a biomarker of exogenous iAs exposure (Khaleghian et al., 2014; Li et al., 2015; Borghini et al., 2016; Shen et al., 2016; Grau-Perez et al., 2017; Hsu et al., 2017; Wei et al., 2017a; Wei et al., 2017b). Arsenic can induce cellular apoptosis and Fas and Bax genes are important regulatory genes for apoptosis. The expression of Fas and Bax genes is regulated by the tumor suppressor. Previous studies have demonstrated identifies that levels of Bax, Fas and p53 were increased by arsenic treatments in cell (Yu et al., 2014; Chen et al., 2015; Choudhury et al., 2016; Hua et al., 2016; Wen et al., 2016). Perkins et al. pointed out that exposure to iAs did not increase the expression of Fas and Bax genes (Perkins et al., 2000; Wang et al., 2017) We had assessed the mRNA expression of Fas and Bax with different concentrations of sodium arsenite in MDA-MB-231 and XWLC-05 cells. We observed a result that sodium increased Bax and Fas gene mRNA expression in a dose dependent manner. We noted that our findings were not entirely consistent with those of previous studies, which may result from the cellular metabolism of arsenic and the antioxidant systems of the cell (Caradonna and Mauro, 2016; Wen et al., 2016). To further identify genes expression with iAs exposure, we examined the effects of arsenic on the Fas and Bax mRNA expression in peripheral blood lymphocytes among exposure group and control group. To our knowledge, this was the first report which showed that Fas and Bax mRNA expression in the exposed group were significantly higher than that in the control group. These results were in agreement with our previous studies and indicated that iAs exposure increased expression of Bax and Fas gene in vivo and vitro (Chen et al., 2015; Hua et al., 2016; Wen et al., 2016)