• In fact serotonin is a major

  2025-02-20

  

  In fact, serotonin is a major modulator of dopaminergic (DA) neuronal activity through the 5-HT2C receptor. Studies have shown that the selective 5-HT2C receptor agonist Ro60-0175 blocks the burst-firing of mesolimbic DA neurons, which project from the ventral tegmental area (VTA) to the nucleus acc

• Adenosine is a ubiquitous homeostatic substance released fro

  2025-02-20

  

  Adenosine is a ubiquitous homeostatic substance released from most cells, including neurons and glias. Endogenous adenosine acts at four principal G-protein-associated receptor subtypes: A1, A2a, A2b and A3 (Ralevic and Burnstock, 1998). The stimulation of adenosine receptors by extracellular adenos

• br Therapeutic advantages and clinical

  2025-02-20

  

  Therapeutic advantages and clinical implications of caffeine treatment in ROP The demonstration of the role of the adenosine receptor in development of ROP and protection by caffeine suggests two potential therapeutic strategies with high translational potential: a) modification of caffeine treat

• br Expression of ADK in the normal brain

  2025-02-20

  

  Expression of ADK in the normal brain In adult brain, ADK is primarily expressed in astrocytes. Immunocytochemical analysis of adult rat and mouse Nimodipine revealed predominant astrocytic expression throughout the hippocampus and cortex. Two isoforms of ADK have been identified in mammals, a l

• AMPK modulates changes in lipid metabolism via the regulatio

  2025-02-20

  

  AMPK modulates changes in lipid metabolism via the regulation of fatty pla2 inhibitor oxidation and cholesterol synthesis in the liver. The key enzymes involved include ACC and HMGCR [27,28]. Both participate in the rate-limiting steps of fatty acids and cholesterol synthesis and are inactivated on

• It is important http www apexbt

  2025-02-20

  

  It is important to note that the administration of THA significantly increased the area immunostained by the anti-pVEGFR2 antibody in medial septal cholinergic neurons. The same treatment slightly increased the expression levels of VEGFR2 in cholinergic neurons; however, this change was not confirme

• br Author contributions br Competing interests br Transparen

  2025-02-20

  

  Author contributions Competing interests Transparency document Acknowledgments This research was funded by a TOP ZonMW grant (40-00812-98-10054) to R.O.E., a DFG grant (KR4391/1-1) and IZKF Erlangen grant (J36) to A.K. and supported in part by Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de

• Activated MAP kinases transform the stimulus into the pathop

  2025-02-20

  

  Activated MAP kinases transform the stimulus into the pathophysiological responses by phosphorylating downstream substrates, including transcription factors, cytoskeletal proteins involved in mRNA translation (Li et al., 2015). Among the numerous effectors that intervene in the TNF-α action is an ac

• The presence of crown like structures and inflammatory facto

  2025-02-19

  

  The presence of crown-like structures and inflammatory factors in the breast of obese patients is associated with considerable changes in intracellular signaling and a profound cellular dysfunction. Secreted pro-inflammatory factors can directly promote breast carcinogenesis as they have been report

• br Introduction The apelin receptor angiotensin

  2025-02-19

  

  Introduction The apelin receptor (angiotensin receptor-like 1, APJ) is a seven transmembrane receptor (7TMR) that belongs to the class A peptidergic G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) superfamily [1]. The endogenous ligands of APJ are the different isoforms of apelin (namely apelin-13, −17, and −

• Reactive oxygen species is an aspect of oxidative stress whi

  2025-02-19

  

  Reactive oxygen species is an aspect of oxidative stress which are associated with many diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes, inflammation, atherosclerosis and cancers (Collins, 2005; Halliwell, 1994). Thus, the need for naturally occurring antioxidants is of crucial importance. Some biop

• Benzamidine hydrochloride However joint reviews and the cons

  2025-02-19

  

  However, joint reviews and the consensus from experts offer disparate recommendations with regard to their management in the context of anesthesia, whereas some reviews [6], [7] set out certain doubts regarding their use during the perioperative period. On the other hand, the guidelines for the mana

• The specific functions of ERs and AR underline their

  2025-02-19

  

  The specific functions of ERs and AR underline their crucial roles during different phases of spermatogenesis. Their deregulation could affect numerous downstream targets, thereby, disrupting spermatogenesis and male fertility. Various studies have shown that estrogen-like chemicals in the environme

• br Introduction Hepatocellular carcinoma HCC is the third le

  2025-02-19

  

  Introduction Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the third-leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide and accounts for 70–85% of all liver cancer diagnoses [1]. In East and South-East Asia, the occurrence of HCC and the related number of fatalities have gradually increased in recent decades [2

• br Acknowledgements br Introduction Diabetic complications a

  2025-02-19

  

  Acknowledgements Introduction Diabetic complications are responsible for increased morbidity and mortality of diabetic patients. Increased flow of JP 1302 dihydrochloride through the polyol pathway under conditions of hyperglycemia contributes to the development of diabetic complications. Aldo

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