• Hyperactivity of the hypothalamus pituitary

  2023-07-24

  

  Hyperactivity of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, which is well described in MDD (Pariante and Lightman, 2008, Marques et al., 2009), is also observed in AD and results in increased glucocorticoid (GC, cortisol in primates) levels in blood and CSF (Davis et al., 1986, Martignoni et al.

• Second the phosphorylation events e

  2023-07-24

  

  Second, the phosphorylation events (e.g., α-Thr172 and β-Ser108) needed for AMPK activation by small molecules binding at the ADaM or other sites remains unclear. Within the β-GBD, phosphorylation of β1-Ser108 was shown to be required for the activation by small molecules binding in the ADaM site, s

• Calcium entry through postsynaptic NMDARs activates intracel

  2023-07-24

  

  Calcium entry through postsynaptic NMDARs activates intracellular signaling cascades including Ca2+/calmodulin (CaM)-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) and calcineurin. The spatiotemporal abundance of this Ca2+/CaM complex determines the direction of synaptic plasticity, resulting in LTP (Malinow

• In this study using pure enzyme preparations

  2023-07-24

  

  In this study, using pure enzyme preparations of human placental recombinant AR (hAR) and of AR isolated from bovine lens (bAR), which behave as Michaelis pd 0332991 with glyceraldehyde as substrate, is shown that an apparent negative cooperativity action for glucose still occurs. We present evidenc

• AKT activity is also self limiting through

  2023-07-24

  

  AKT activity is also self-limiting through its substrate GSK3β; the kinase activity of which is negatively regulated by AKT phosphorylation (Fig. 3; Li, Liu, & Gao, 2009). GSK3β activation results in phosphorylation and subsequent ubiquitin mediated degradation of PHLPP (Li et al., 2009). AKT activa

• br ABCA modulates intracellular sphingolipid metabolism in t

  2023-07-24

  

  ABCA2 modulates intracellular sphingolipid metabolism in the LE/LY Recycling of plasma membrane lipids that occurs by constitutive endocytosis and vesicularization of complex glycolipids, complex sphingolipids and cholesterol as well as free cholesterol liberated from LDL after receptor-mediated

• Adiponectin also works on AdipoR inducing extracellular Ca

  2023-07-24

  

  Adiponectin also works on AdipoR1, inducing extracellular Ca2+ influx necessary for activation of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase (CaMKK)β, AMPK (Fig. 1). This step is then followed by activation of SirT1 and increased expression and decreased acetylation of PPARγ coactivator (PGC)-1

• br Acknowledgments br Introduction Within the

  2023-07-24

  

  Acknowledgments Introduction Within the classical secretory pathway, transmembrane and soluble cargos travel via the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and Golgi apparatus en route to their final destinations [1]. However, at a post-Golgi level, trafficking routes can diverge. In this context, the tra

• The observation that vortioxetine blocks HT induced currents

  2023-07-24

  

  The observation that vortioxetine blocks 5-HT-induced currents in 5-HT3 receptor-expressing oocytes suggests that vortioxetine acts to functionally antagonize these receptors, and is in line with previously published data (Bang-Andersen et al., 2011). For example, Mørk et al. (2012) demonstrated tha

• Extracellular adenosine acts as a

  2023-07-24

  

  Extracellular adenosine acts as a local modulator of cell function via four adenosine receptor subtypes (A1Rs A2AR, A2BR, and A3R) that are involved in numerous physiological and pathophysiological processes [31]. Each is encoded by a separate gene and has different functions, although with some ove

• br Materials and methods br Results

  2023-07-24

  

  Materials and methods Results and discussion Conclusion Amino-functionalized mesoporous TiO2-NH2 microparticles were used to immobilize ADA, followed by GLU cross-linking. The mesopores provided a natural microenvironment with sufficient room for the enzyme to efficiently perform its cataly

• br Acknowledgment br Introduction Vascular smooth muscle

  2023-07-24

  

  Acknowledgment Introduction Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) exhibit the capacity to switch between a differentiated (contractile) and a dedifferentiated (synthetic) phenotype [1]. Synthetic VSMC express a lower amount of contractile proteins such as Smooth muscle 22α (sm22α) and α-Smooth m

• LO is a soluble kDa enzyme

  2023-07-24

  

  5-LO is a soluble 78 kDa enzyme, composed of an α-helix-rich catalytic domain and a regulatory β-sheet-rich C2-like domain. Depending on the cell type, 5-LO may be located in the cytosol, in the nucleoplasm, or in both compartments (Werz, 2002). Upon cell stimulation by agents that elevate intracell

• br ATX LPA pathway in animal models

  2023-07-21

  

  ATX–LPA pathway in animal models of rheumatoid arthritis Several animal models have been used to characterize the mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of arthritis and to test new therapeutic strategies. The collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) model (Courtenay et al., 1980, Luross and Williams, 2

• Our current knowledge on autophagy

  2023-07-21

  

  Our current knowledge on autophagy broadly differentiates it into three types: macroautophagy, microautophagy, and chaperone-mediated autophagy. Macroautophagy mainly involves the sequestration of cytoplasmic contents in a double-walled membrane followed by the fusion with the lysosomes. The lysosom

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