• In contrast T bet downregulated the expression

  2020-12-24

  

  In contrast, T-bet downregulated the expression of Tfh functional molecules, CD40L, ICOS, and IL-21; accordingly, T-bet overexpression abrogated the helper function of IL-12-stimulated CD4+ T cells. Thus, T-bet seems more involved in the downregulation of the helper functions than in the differentia

• The importance of EBI for B cell function

  2020-12-24

  

  The importance of EBI2 for B cell function was first suggested by the dramatic upregulation of this receptor in EBV-transformed d-amphetamine and further inferred from its regulation in activated and GC B cells (Birkenbach et al., 1993, Glynne et al., 2000, Shaffer et al., 2000). An involvement of

• Structure similarity searches were conducted using the stand

  2020-12-24

  

  Structure similarity searches were conducted using the standalone version of the DALI program with the query structures scanned against a local current version of the PDB that has all chains as separate entries (Holm and Sander, 1995). The structural hits for each query were collected, even if the D

• br A brief history of RBR E

  2020-12-24

  

  A brief history of RBR E3s RBR E3s were originally defined based on sequence alignments that predicted a tripartite motif of three zinc (Zn)-binding domains: two RING domains (RING1 and RING2) connected via an in-between-RING (IBR) domain [28], [29]. The prediction together with initial observati

• Recent studies have also uncovered additional roles for

  2020-12-24

  

  Recent studies have also uncovered additional roles for E2 enzymes and E2~Ub conjugates in modulating the activity of deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs), such as OTUB1 (Juang et al., 2012, Wiener et al., 2013, Wiener et al., 2012). Interestingly, OTUB1 has also been shown to associate and modulate the

• The differences between ground and transition state properti

  2020-12-23

  

  The differences between ground and transition state properties are exemplified by a comparison of our human–yeast results with those of a structural study of possible differences in ubiquitin-Uba-1 binding in yeast (known structure) with human (simulated in [12]). Their discussion focuses on Ubiquit

• A different example of substrate dependent activation is see

  2020-12-23

  

  A different example of substrate-dependent activation is seen in CSN5, a JAMM-type DUB found in the eight subunit COP9 signalosome (CSN) [34]. The CSN deconjugates NEDD8 (neural precursor cell expressed developmentally downregulated 8) from Cullin Ring ubiquitin E3 ligases (CRLs). Through this activ

• br The central role of DNA PK in the NHEJ

  2020-12-23

  

  The central role of DNA-PK in the NHEJ NHEJ can be divided in several steps (Fig. 1A): 1) recognition and binding of Ku at each ends of the DSB following by the assembly of the DNA-PK at the break points and bridging; 2) phosphorylation of the DNA ends by DNA-PKcs; 3) ligation of the ends by DNA

• br STAR Methods br Acknowledgments We thank Genevi ve

  2020-12-23

  

  STAR★Methods Acknowledgments We thank Geneviève Almouzni, Sophie Polo, Ralph Scully, Wael Mansour, and Jeremy Stark for providing cell lines and Wolf Heyer, Haico van Attikum, Martijn Luijsterburg, and Brendan Price for helpful discussions. We thank Ratna Weimer, Bettina Basso, Christel Braun,

• Our finding that the ATRX DAXX H complex

  2020-12-23

  

  Our finding that the ATRX-DAXX-H3.3 complex promotes a form of HR is likely to have important implications for our understanding of the ALT recombination process that takes place at telomeres. We were surprised to observe that ATRX promotes a form of HR, since loss of the ATRX-DAXX-H3.3 complex is n

• In contrast DAG phosphorylation to PA by diacylglycerol kina

  2020-12-23

  

  In contrast, DAG phosphorylation to PA by diacylglycerol kinases (DGKs) represents a quantitatively minor metabolic pathway, but is generally regarded as a main disposal pathway for “signaling” DAG. PA produced by DGKs is an intermediate of the synthesis of CDP-DAG, cardiolipin and PI. However, PA i

• In conclusion over expression of Stokesia epoxygenase SlEPX

  2020-12-23

  

  In conclusion, over-expression of Stokesia epoxygenase (SlEPX) in soybean seeds led to some unusual seed phenotypes. These effects can be overcome by coexpression of Vernonia DGATs (VgDGAT1 & 2). The DGATs can specifically transfer vernolic neuraminidase inhibitor into TAG, largely reducing vernoli

• br Electron transfer pathway Intramolecular or inter domain

  2020-12-23

  

  Electron transfer pathway Intramolecular (or inter-domain) electron transfer (IET) in CDH has been studied in much depth [], and similar IET occurs in CcPDH, from the PQQ cofactor in the AA12 domain to the heme b in the AA8 domain. When two kinds of electron acceptors are used for measuring enzym

• DDR is characterized by an N terminal discoidin domain and

  2020-12-23

  

  DDR2 is characterized by an N-terminal discoidin domain and a C-terminal kinase domain [7]. Characteristics of DDR1, which is a homologue of DDR2, have been extensively investigated in terms of expression level in cancer tissues and biological functions in normal and cancer cell conditions, but char

• br Results and discussion br Conclusion In this research sev

  2020-12-23

  

  Results and discussion Conclusion In this research, several anti-inflammatory agents with pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine cores were synthesized. Such choice of large core than regular pyrazole was valid as a proper modification. That most of the prepared compounds showed excellent AI activity. In a

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